Syllabus for

 

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE

 

 

COURSE MEETINGS

 

Tuesday, 26 September: Course orientation:

--Assignment for 28 September: analysis of contemporary rituals

 

Thursday, 28 September: Settings and rituals, successful and unsuccessful:

 

Tu 2 Sep: "Miraculous" continuity: the case of the early cathedral of Florence:

 

Th 4 Sep: The Greco-Roman tradition of ritual architecture:

 

Tu 9 Sep: Special architectural language of Late Antiquity:

 

Th 11/ Tu 16 Sep: Temple and synagogue: the Jews create a new type of worship setting:

--Assignment for 18 September: read and prepare to discuss Gregory Dix, The Shape of the Liturgy, pp. 15--35 and 142--143.

 

Th 18 Sep: The Roman house; possibilities for transformation into the house-church

--Assignment for 23 September: read and prepare to discuss the Krautheimer text pp. 23-37; pay special attention to his description of a typical setting for Christian worship in each of his three chronological divisions.

 

Tu 23 Sep: Possible insertion of a Mass (live or video); Earliest Christian cult centers, pre-legalization:

 

Th 25 Sep: Earliest churches after the legalization of Christianity

--Assignment for 30 September: read and prepare to discuss Eusebius's description of the church at Tyre, his description of the great churches built by Constantine, and the text on the "ideal church" (in Cyril Mango, The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453, pp. 4--15 and 24--25.  To Eusebius and his contemporaries, what were the key features of a church?

 

Tu 30 Sep: Constantine as builder:

--Assignment for 2 October: read and prepare to discuss George Armstrong's article on Constantine's Churches in the Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians for 1974, pp. 5--16; what are the five categories of Constantinian churches he individuates?

 

Th 2 October: St. Peter's:

--Last day for determining choice of term paper topic.

 

Tu 7 Oct: Post-Constantinian churches in Rome:

 

Th 9 Oct: Constantine's buildings in the Holy Land and the East:

 

Tu 14 Oct: Churches for the Imperial family and Court:

 

Th 16 Oct: Two related northern Christian capitals: Milan and Trier:

--Two-page bibliography and "encyclopedia entry" synopsis of your term paper due in class today

 

Tu 21 Oct: Provincial church-building:

 

Th 23 Oct: New Magnificence in Rome: late 4th & 5th centuries:

 

Tu 28 Oct: MID TERM TEST

 

Th 30 Oct: Post-Constantinian churches in Greece and Asia Minor:

 

Tu 4 November: Complex church plans in Syria and adjoining lands:

 

Th 6 Nov: Martyria and Baptistery as Christian types:

 

Tu 11 Nov: Early Christian Ravenna before Justinian:

--Assignment for 13 November: read and prepare to discuss Procopius's description of Justinian's Hagia Sofia church (Mango, pp. 72--79, with two other texts on the same building).

 

Th 13 Nov: Justinian's Hagia Sofia:

--Term papers due today in class.

 

Tu 18 Nov: Other monuments in or directed from Justinian's Constantinople:

 

Th 20 Nov: Justinianic Ravenna:

 

Tu 25 Nov: Architecture of the "Dark Ages":

 

[Thanksgiving, Thursday 27 November: University not in session]

 

Tu 2 December and Th 4 Dec: Middle- and Late-Byzantine monuments:

 

Alternate last lectures:

Carolingian and Ottonians reflections of Byzantine style:

Islamic architecture:

Romanesque as the last Byzantine trace in Europe:

 

MONDAY DECEMBER 8: Final examination 10--11:50 a.m., regular classroom (alternate oral examinations for students who wish that option)

OTHER COURSE INFORMATION:

Website for this course: www.pitt.edu/~tokerism, click on "Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture" (works best with MS Explorer rather than Netscape, and you may need to enter your i.d. as "pittsburgh," and your password as "123456").

 

Instructor: Frank Toker; office on balcony of Frick Library reading room; student meeting hours are Tuesday afternoons 4 to 6 p.m.  Telephone 412.648.2419; email ftoker@pitt.edu.

 

READINGS: The course text is Richard Krautheimer's Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th ed. (Yale University Press: The Pelican History of Art; New Haven & London, 1986), available at the University Book Centre and elsewhere around town, and on reserve shelf.

 

GRADING will be based 25% on a mid-term test, 25% on the final exam (optional oral exam), and 50% on a research paper on a particular building that falls in our time-span.  Other occasional exercises or readings may also influence the term grade. 

This course rigorously follows this Department's statement on academic integrity: "Plagiarizing is an act that violates the Student Conduct Code, and will not be tolerated in this class. Plagiarized assignments will result in a failing grade for that assignment."  Plagiarism is here defined as the use of six words in a row without a quotation mark and/or clear indication of their origin.  Note that in the world of the Internet, plagiarizing has gotten ever more easy: it is mandatory that the full URL address be given for every website you draw upon for your research.  Cheating in any form will result in a failing grade for the course.

EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE: THE MAJOR MONUMENTS

 

Space and time:

019 map of Italy

020 map of Eastern Mediterranean

 

"Miraculous" continuity: the case of the early cathedral of Florence:

Florence, Italy: domus of Senator Decentius, 50 AD--500 (miracles of 394 and 406)

Pittsburgh: house-church of Delfina Cesarespada, AD 1963

Florence: domus transformed into cathedral of S. Reparata, c. 500-525 (Krautheimer text p. 480)

Florence: baptistery of S. Giovanni, 6th c., 11th c., 12th c.

Florence: S. Reparata partially rebuilt in Carolingian era, c. 860

Florence: S. Reparata in its Romanesque rebuilding, c. 1000

Florence: cathedral of S. Maria del Fiore over S. Reparata, 1296--1436

 

The Greco-Roman tradition of ritual architecture:

Athens:  Parthenon, 442-437 BC

Parthenon: panathenaic procession

Parthenon as converted into church: plans, sects.

Syracuse, Italy: Cathedral carved out of Greek temple

Epidaurus: Aesclepius shrine

Priene, Turkey: Bouleterion, ca. 200 BC

Pergamum, Turkey: altar of Zeus, 197-159 BC

Palestrina (Praeneste): Temple of Fortune ca. 80 BC

Pompeii: Basilica, ca. 120 BC.

Nîmes, France: Temple of Jupiter (Maison Carée), late first century BC

Rome: Forum of Trajan, with Basilica Ulpia, ca. 100-112

 

Special architectural language of Late Antiquity:

Rome: Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero), 64-68 AD

Rome: Colosseum ca. 72-80 AD

Rome: Domus Augustana (Flavian Palace) on the Palatine, ca. 92

Rome:  Pantheon ca. 120

Tivoli:  Hadrian's Villa ca. 118-138

Rome:  Baths of Caracalla ca. 215

Leptis Magna, Libya: Severan Forum and Basilica, 216

Split: Palace of Diocletian ca. 300

Piazza Armerina, Sicily: Imperial Villa ca. 310

231: Rome: Minerva Medica, c. 310

 

Temple and synagogue: the Jews create a new type of worship site:

Jerusalem, Israel: Temple of King Solomon, 10th c. BC

Jerusalem: Second Temple (more accurately Third) of King Herod, 1st c. BC

Massada, Israel: synagogue, 1st(?) century BC

Pittsburgh: service at Poale Zedeck synagogue, 20th c. AD

Dura Europos, Syria: synagogue, rebuilt mid-3rd century AD

Kefar Nahum, Israel:  Synagogue, fourth century

Sardis, Turkey: synagogue, 3rd/4th c.

Ostia (outside Rome): synagogue in 2 periods

Eshtemoa, Israel: broadhouse synagogue

 

The Roman house; possibilities for transformation into the house-church:

Pompeii: House of the Vetii, before 79 AD

Rome: Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero), 64-68 AD

Rome: Domus Augustana (Flavian Palace) on the Palatine, ca. 92

Split:  Palace of Diocletian ca. 300

Piazza Armerina, Sicily:  Imperial Villa ca. 310

Roman house types in Ostia, Rome etc.

027: Dura-Europos, Syria: house-church, early 3rd c.;

Lullingstone, Kent, England:  Villa with house church, 3-4th c.

 

Earliest Christian cult centers, pre-legalization:

Rome:  Mithraeum below church of San Clemente, third century

Rome: Underground cult basilica at the Porta Maggiore, 3rd (?) c.

027: Dura-Europos, Syria: house-church, early 3rd c.;

031 Rome: catacombs 3-4th c.

033 Rome: shrine of St. Peter, 2nd c.

034t Rome: Catacomb of S. Callisto, "Chapel of the Popes," 3rd c.

035b Rome: S. Sebastiano triclia c. 258

036 Rome: S. Crisogono early 4th c.

053b Rome: S. Sebastiano c. 313 model

 

Earliest churches after the legalization of Christianity:

45 (text, no image): Tyre (Sur), Lebanon: cathedral of c. 315 in Eusebius's description of popylaeum, atrium with colonnaded porticoes, nave and aisles, chancel

044t Aquileia: twin cathedral 4th/5th c.

044b Orléansville (El-Asnam), Algeria: double-apsed basilica of Bishop Reparatus, 324 and 5th c.

049 Trier, Germany: twin cathedral begun after 326

 

BUILDINGS FOR THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE

Some dates

306 Constantine acclaimed co-emperor

311 One of four signatories to Galerius's edict of toleration

312 Defeats Maxentius; becomes sole power in west.

313 Edict of toleration issued (or re-issued) from Milan; Licinius continues sporadic persecutions in east

324 Defeats Licinius: now sole power east also; begins Constantinople.

325 Convokes Council of Nicaea

326 Executes son Crispus: major building Constantinople & Holy Land

330 Dedicates Constantinople

337 Dies in Nicomedia; buried in Constantinople

 

Public, secular architecture:

Trier: Imperial Basilica (audience hall) ca. 300-310  (assumed patronage)

Rome:  Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine 307-312

Rome:  Arch of Constantine, 312-317

Rome:  Baths of Constantine

Constantinople: The Augusteon (senate house)

 

Christian buildings:

Rome:  Lateran Basilica, begun ca. 313 [Liber pontificalis] (=LP)

Rome:  Lateran Baptistery

324:  C.offers Eusebius & other bishops imperial funds for churches

Rome: St. Peter's, begun possibly 319-22 or 326

Rome: Probably began earliest St. Paul's on via Ostiense

Trier: Double Cathedral, begun after 326  (attributed to C. in old sources)

 

Jerusalem: Holy Sepulchre complex: order from Const. in 326 (or before?)

Bethlehem: Church of the Nativity, complete by 333 (Bordeaux pilgrim) [Helena]

Jerusalem: Eleona church, Mt. of Olives, complete by 333 [Helena]

Mam[b]re:  Abraham complex, order from C. in 332

 

Cirta-Constantine (N. Africa): C. gives church twice, ca. 320 and 330.

Nicomedia: "Victory" basilica for defeat of Licinius, 326

Heliopolis: Church replaced pagan shrine (Eusebius, Life Constantine 3:58]

Antioch:  Golden Octagon, 327-341 [Eusebius]

 

Constantinople:  Church of the Holy Apostles, 330s.

Constantinople:  H. Eirene, after 326

Constantinople:  H. Sofia, after 326

 

Possible but less secure documentation:

Rome: S. Agnese cemeterial basilica [S. Costanza added later (as baptistery?)]

Rome: SS Marcellino & Pietro/mausoleum for Helena [in L.P.]

Rome: S. Lorenzo on via Tiburtina [L.P., ca. 326]

Rome: S. Sebastiano (Apostles church) prob. post-Constantine [L.P. says by C]

Rome: S. Croce in Gerusalemme [L.P. specifies Constantine: may be later]

 

Constantine as builder:

Trier:  Imperial Basilica (audience hall) ca. 300

Rome: Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, c. 307-312

046t Rome: Lateran, 313ff, isometric reconstruction

047  Rome: Lateran, 313ff, 17th c. reconstruction view

090 Rome: Lateran baptistery c. 315 and mid-5th c.: section

Nocera dei Pagani (Naples): baptistery

 

St. Peter's:

055t Rome: St. Peters, before 324: recon. view

055b Rome: St. Peters, before 324: recon. plan

057 Rome: St. Peters, before 324: atrium in 16th c. view

 

Post-Constantinian churches in Rome:

052 Rome: S. Lorenzo basilica c. 330

053t Rome: S. Agnese cemeterial basilica ambulatory c. 350

169 Rome: S. Clemente, c. 380: isometric reconstruction

170b Rome: SS Giovanni e Paolo: c. 410, exterior incorporated into late-medieval church today

 

Constantine's buildings in the Holy Land and the East:

059 Bethleham: Constantine's church of the Nativity by 333, isometric

061 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica, c. 325--336: interior recon.

062 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica, c. 335: plan

063 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher basilica as shown on 7th-c. bread mold

074 Jerusalem: Holy Sepulcher: rotunda viewed in 17th c.

Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre: Arculf's diagram

Constantinople:  Constantine's Church of the Holy Apostles, 330s.

(Krautheimer text only p. 76)Antioch:  Golden Octagon, 327-341

 

Churches for the Imperial family and Court:

Antioch:  Golden Octagon, 327-341

066 Rome: S. Costanza c. 350: int

Rome: SS Marcellino & Pietro mausoleum for Helena (?)

Rome: Augustus's tomb, 1st c. AD

Rome: Hadrian's tomb, 2nd c. AD

Split: Diocletian's tomb, c. 300

Thessaloniki: H. Giorgios (mausoleum of ?)

071 Constantinople: 5th c. palaces near the hippodrome

 

Two related northern Christian capitals: Milan and Trier:

079t Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c. (c.378?): plan

079b  Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c.: ext. as existing today

080 Milan: S. Lorenzo, late 4th c.: int. as revised in 16th c.

082 Milan: Holy Apostles, begun 383; isometric reconstruction

084 Milan: S. Tecla cathedral w. baptistery: mid-4th c. plan

086t Trier, Germany: north basilica as in late 4th c: reconstruction isometric

086b Trier: St. Gereon as in late 4th c: reconstruction plan

 

Provincial church-building:

190t: African basilica as depicted at Tebarka: early 5th c.: modern reconstruction drawing

190b: African basilica as depicted at Tebarka: early 5th c.

 

New Magnificence in Rome: late 4th & 5th centuries:

087 Rome: S. Paolo fuori le Mura, 384; as in 19th c.: int.view

089 Rome: S. Maria Maggiore, c. 432--440; interior today

090 Rome: Lateran baptistery c. 315 and mid-5th c.: section

171: Rome: S. Sabina, c. 425; exterior today

172  Rome: S. Sabina, c. 425; interior today

173 Rome: S. Sabina, c. 425; interior: det. nave arcade

091t Rome: S. Stefano Rotondo, ext. reconstruction from mid-5th c.

091b Rome: S. Stefano, int. today, mid-5th c. or 468--483

 

Post-Constantinian churches in Greece and Asia Minor:

100 Thessaloniki (Salonica): Archeiropoietos church, late 5th c.: plan & section

101t Salonica: Archeiropoietos church, late 5th c.: interior today

124 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., plan & ext. recon.

125 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., exterior today

126 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., interior post-fire today

127 Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios, late 5th c., interior det. pre-fire

104 Constantinople: St. John Studios, mid 5th c: interior remains today

106 Ephesus, Turkey: St. John, plan from mid-5th c.

107t Ephesus: St. Mary church: 5th and 6th c.; view of remains today

107b Ephesus, Turkey: St. Mary church: 5th and 6th c.: reconstruction plan

Abu Mina, Egypt:  St. Menas, c. 490 (K 64)

Deir-el-Abiad, Egypt: White Monastery c. 440

113 Hermopolis (Ashmunein, Egypt: plan of early 5th-c cathedral

119 Epidauros, Greece: basilica plan, early 5th c.

 

Complex church plans in Syria and adjoining lands:

138 Seleucia-Pieria, Syria: martyrium (?) late 5th c.

144 Qalat Siman, Syria: baptistery, late 5th c., ext. view of remains

145 Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., plan

146/7 Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., remains today

148t  Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, ext. recon. view

148b  Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., int. of octagon today

150t Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., view of apses

150b Qalat Siman, Syria: martyrium, late 5th c., facade remains today

158 Gerasa, Jordan: church of the Prophets, Apostles, & Martyrs, 465; plan

160 Gerasa: conjoined cathedral & St. Theodore, early & late 5th c. respectively, isometric reconstruction

161 Hierapolis, Turkey: martyrium of St. Philip (?): early 5th c., plan

 

Martyria and Baptistery as Christian types:

Constantinople: min. representing Holy Apostles church

Nocera baptistery

Ravenna baptistery

Milan: baptistery of Sta. Tecla

Aquileia baptistery

Syria: Qalat Seman

Bosra: great octagon

Carthage: St. Cyprian martyrium

 

Early Christian Ravenna before Justinian:

178 Ravenna: baptistery of the orthodox, 5th c., interior today

182t Ravenna: S. Croce with mausoleum of Galla Placidia, c. 425; isometric reconstruction

182b Ravenna: mausoleum of Galla Placidia, c. 425; exterior today

183 Ravenna: mausoleum of Galla Placidia, c. 425; interior

184 Ravenna: S. Giovanni Evangelista c. 425, apse exterior (reconstructed)

185 Ravenna: S. Giovanni Evangelista c. 425, interior as reconstructed

186 Ravenna: S. Apollinare Nuovo, c. 490, interior (but proportions changed)

 

Hagia Sofia:

207 Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, plan

208t Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, isometric recon.

209 Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, int. today

213  Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, det. gallery

215  Constantinople: Justinian's H. Sofia, 532--537, det. columns & capitals

 

Other monuments in or directed from Justinian's Constantinople:

223t Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; plans at floor & gallery level

223b Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; exterior

224  Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; interior

227t Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; frieze & capitals

227b Constantinople: H. Sergios & Bakchos, before 536; composite capital

241 Constantinople: Holy Apostles, c. 536 as depicted 12th c.

243t Ephesus, Turkey: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: plan

243b  Ephesus: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: partial modern reconstruction

244t Ephesus: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: interior recon. view

244b Ephesus: St. John's church as rebuilt 565: exterior recon. view

250 Constantinople: H. Irene, c. 532: ext. today

251  Constantinople: H. Irene, c. 532: interior today

266 Bethleham: Justinian's church of the Nativity, 560ff., plan

 

Justinianic Ravenna:

233: Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, interior to apse

235: Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, view into chancel vault

237: Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, view into chancel vault

(not in Krautheimer): Ravenna, S. Vitale, 546, plan today

277: Ravenna: S. Apollinare in Classe, c. 549: interior

278: Ravenna: S. Apollinare in Classe, c. 549: exterior view (atrium removed)

(not in Krautheimer) Ravenna: S. Apollinare in Classe, c. 549: plan

279: Porec, Croatia: cathedral group, c. 550: ext. view

280 Porec, Croatia: cathedral group, c. 550: plan

281 Porec, Croatia: cathedral group, c. 550: interior detail

 

Architecture of the "Dark Ages":

270 Rome: S. Lorenzo, end 6th c., interior to east

272 Ravenna: Theodoric's mausoleum, c. 526; ext.

(not in Krautheimer): Ravenna, Theodoric's mausoleum, c. 526; plan)

Poitiers, France: St. Jean

Flavigny, France: crypt

Jouarre, France: crypt

Spain: palace chapel at Ovieda

Spoleto, Italy (near): Tempietto di Clitunno

Castelseprio, Italy: Longobard church

Udine (near) Tempietto Longobardo

 

Middle Byzantine monuments:

Constantinople:  Bodrum Camii (Myrelaion church) c. 920 (K p. 356, 357)

Aght'amar, Lake Van, Armenia:  Holy Cross, 915-21 (K p. 328, 329)

Hosios Lukas: 10th c. Theotolos (K p. 381)

Hosios Lukas: Katholikon, early 11th c. (K p. 338ff., 385ff).

 

Late Byzantine Survivals:

Constantinople:  Kalenderhane Camii (Church of St. Mary Kyriotissa?) 12th century (K p. 293)

430: Thessaloniki (Salonica): Holy Apostles church, early 14th c.:plan

431: Thessaloniki (Salonica): Holy Apostles church, early 14th c.:apse and east end ext. view today

432: Thessaloniki (Salonica): Holy Apostles church, early 14th c.:facade today

434: Ohrid, Macedonia: St. Sophia, 1313--17, facade today

436: Gracanica, Serbia: early 14th c. church: plan

437: Gracanica, Serbia: early 14th c. church: exterior south wall

438: Gracanica, Serbia: early 14th c. church: exterior: e. end and apses

 

Carolingian reflections of Byzantine style:

Lorsch, Germany: abbey and gatehouse (Torhalle), 767-774

Aachen: palace chapel, 790s, as revived S. Vitale Ravenna

Germiny-des-Pres, France: oratory, 806

Fulda, Germany: abbey church, 802-822

Rome: S. Prassede ca. 820

 

Ottonian reflections:

Essen: abbey church

Cologne: S. Pantaleon

Cologne: triapsidal churches

Hersfeld, abbey ch.

Hildesheim: Abbey of St. Michael, c. 1010

 

Islamic architecture:

Jerusalem: Dome of the Rock

Jerusalem: El Aqsa

Mecca, Saudi Arabia: holy precinct

Cairo: Great Mosque

Damascus: Great Mosque

Cordoba, Spain: Great Mosque

Constantinople: Blue Mosque

 

Romanesque as the last Byzantine trace in Europe:

Tournus, France: St. Philibert, ca. 1000

Speyer, Germany: Cathedral, begun 1030-1060

Pisa: Cathedral, begun c. 1060

Arezzo, Italy: cathedral modelled on S. Vitale, Ravenna, c. 1040

Cluny: third abbey church, begun 1088, dedicated 1130

408: Venice: S. Marco, begun 1063: as depicted 13th c.

409:  Venice: S. Marco, 11th/12th c.: int. today

Pisa: baptistery, 12th c. as replica of the Holy Sepulchre

RESERVE BOOKS

 

In keeping with the philosophy of the Frick Library librarians, and in accord with past experience, relatively few books will be placed on reserve in Frick Library.  These are:

--Syllabus for this course.

 

--George Armstrong: "Constantine's Churches:  Symbol and Structure," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 33 (1974):5-16.

 

--Gregory Dix, The Shape of the Liturgy (London, 1947): pp. 15--35 and 142--143.

 

--Richard Krautheimer: Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th ed. (Yale University Press: The Pelican History of Art; New Haven & London, 1986). Multiple copies if possible.

 

--Richard Krautheimer: "The Building Inscriptions and the Dates of Construction of Old St. Peter's: A Reconsideration," from the Römische Jahrbuch, around 1995. An excellent example of a scholar considering all possible evidentiary sources to an old problem.

 

--Cyril Mango, The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453 (Sources and Documents in the History of Art; Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1972): pp. 4--15 and 24--25 from Eusebius, and Procopius's description of Justinian's Hagia Sofia church (Mango, pp. 72--79, with two other texts on the same building)

 

--Visser, Margaret: The Geometry of Love: Space, Time, Mystery, and Meaning in an ORdinary Church (NA5620.S158.V58). Traces the Early Christian church of S. Agnese in Rome through the centuries.

 

--White, L. Michael: The Social Origins of Christian architecture; 2 v, 1997. (NA4817.W56.1996).  Exhaustive investigation into the literary and archaeological sources for the origins of Early Christian architecture.

 

--The Christianization of the Late Roman World will be placed on reserve when published in an English edition.

 

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE AND CITIES

 

The bibliography is divided into twelve segments:

 

1: General reference sources on art and architecture, all periods

2: Main sources on Late Antique, Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine art and architecture

3: Main sources on the Late Antique/Early Medieval historical context

4: Original documents and sources

5: Architectural tradition of Late Antiquity

6: Architectural setting of Judaism and the mystery cults

7: Social, political, and religious organization of Early Christianity

8: Building for the Early Church: general and western empire

9: Building for the Early Church: east

10: Formation and evolution of Byzantine style

11: Reflections of the Early Christian tradition in later Medieval architecture: Germanic-origin, Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque

12: Urban Form and secular building; Late Antique and Medieval

 

-------------------

 

#01: General reference sources on art and architecture, all periods:

 

Alinari Photographic Archive: thousands of photographs of Florence, Rome and other Italian cities, on microfiche in Frick Library.

 

Art Bulletin and index to past volumes

 

Art Index (begins 1929, check by volumes and subject headings)

 

Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals

 

Avery Memorial Architectural Library Catalog (books) (CMU)

 

Encyclopedia of World Art, esp. vol. 9 (1964):cols. 60-161: Late Antique and Early Christian Art", includes F.W. Deichmann on architecture (cols. 149-154).

 

Graduate School of Design [of Harvard University], catalogue of books and periodicals.  (At CMU)

 

Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians [JSAH], and index

 

Marburger Photographic Archive: thousands of photographs of medieval art and architecture, mainly Germany: on microfiche in Frick Library.

 

Pittcat on-line catalogue: books received in the U. Pittsburgh Library system after 1981; use card catalogue for earlier books (which do not appear on Pittcat yet).

 

RILA: specialized directory of new art-history scholarship (books and articles).

 

 

#02: Main sources on Late Antique, Jewish, Early Christian, and Byzantine art and architecture:

 

The Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. Edited by Karl Weitzmann. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1971. A catalogue and commentary of major monuments.

 

Akten des VII International Kongresses für Christliche Archäologie (Trier, 1965).  Rome, 1969.  (Hereafter abbreviated as Trier Congress.)

 

Beckwith, John.  Early Christian and Byzantine Art. (The Pelican History of Art). Baltimore, 1980.

 

Brenck, B.  Spätantike und frühes Christentum.  Frankfurt, 1977.  A catalogue of the major monuments.

 

Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. Edited by Seyffert.

 

Dumbarton Oaks Bibliographies. Washington DC, 1973-). Issues pull together publications on specialized topics.

 

Encyclopedia of World Art

 

Grabar, André. Early Christian Art. (Arts of Mankind) New York, 1968. Good general survey. [N6249.G72e].

 

Grant, Michael. A Guide to the Ancient World

 

Kautzsch, R. Kapitellenstudien: Studien zur Spätantiken Kunstgeschichte. Berlin, 1936. Detailed study of capital types, 4th-7th centuries.

 

Kitzinger, E.Formation of Medieval Art

 

Krautheimer, Richard.  Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, 4th ed. (The Pelican History of Art). Baltimore, 1986. Main textbook for this course.

 

Krautheimer, Richard. Studies in Early Christian, Medieval, and Renaissance Art. New York, 1969. (Hereafter abbreviated Krautheimer Studies.)

 

Krautheimer, Richard. "Introduction to an 'Iconography of Medieval Architecture'," Krautheimer Studies:115-150.

 

Macdonald, W.  Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture.  New York, 1962.

 

Milburn, R.  Early Christian Art and Architecture.  Berkeley CA, 1988. On reserve: good, readable survey.

 

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites

 

Turner, H.W. From Temple to Meeting House: The Phenomenology and Theology of Places of Worship. The Hague, 1979

 

Volbach, W.F. and M. Hirmer.  Early Christian Art.  London, 1961.  Catalogue of the major monuments [iN6249.V89].

 

 

#3: Main sources on the Late Antique/Early Medieval historical context:

 

Brown, Peter R. The Making of Late Antiquity. (Carl Newell Jackson lectures, 1976). Cambridge MA, 1978. Hillman DG312 B76

 

Cambridge Ancient History, 12. Cambridge, 1939.

 

Cambridge Medieval History, 1-2. Cambridge, 1911- .

 

Gibbon, Edward. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Ca. 1776; new eds.

 

Jones, A.H.M.The Later Roman Empire: 284-602 AD. 3 vols. Oxford, 1964.

 

Mazzarino, S. The End of the Ancient World. Translated by G. Holmes. London, 1966.

 

van der Meer, F. and C. Mohrmann.  Atlas of the Early Christian World. London, 1958. A highly useful explanation and illustration of history and liturgy.

 

Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Barbarian West: The Early Middle Ages, 400-1000. 

 

 

#4: Original documents and sources:

 

The Book of the Popes. Translated by L.R. Loomis. (Records of Civilization, 3). New York, 1916. [Partial edition of the Liber Pontificalis.]

 

Constantine Porphyrogenitus.  The Book of Ceremonies [Book I translated by A. Vogt as Le livre des cérémonies Paris, 1935].

 

Cyril (Saint) of Jerusalem.  St. Cyril of Jerusalem's lectures on the Christian Sacraments.

 

Davis-Weyer, Caecilia. Early Medieval Art, 300-1150. (Sources and Documents in the History of Art). Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1971.

 

Egeria:  Diary of a Pilgrimage. (The Itinerarium Egeriae.)  New York, 1970. Hillman BR60.A541.no. 38. [Firsthand account of the 4th century.]

 

Etheria, a Spanish nun. Tranlated by M.L. McClure and C.L. Feltoe. (Translations of Christian Literature, ser. 3: Liturgical Texts.)  London, 1919. [Vivid diary of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.]

 

Eusebius. In Praise of Constantine:  A Historical Study and New Translation of the Eusebius Tricennial Orations. Edited by H.A. Drake (Univ. of California Publications in Classical Studies, 15). Berkeley, 1976.

 

Eusebius. Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History. Grand Rapids, 1979.

 

Eusebius. Life of Constantine.  (Patrologia Graeca, 20:905 ff.)

 

Fathers of the Church series. Washington DC: Catholic University of America. [About 100 vols of patristic writings:  Hillman BR60.F3a8253].

 

Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks. Edited/translated by O.M. Dalton. Oxford, 1927.

 

Hefele, C.J.  History of the Councils of the Church from the Original Documents.  London, 1871-96.

 

Hunt, E.D. Holy Land pilgrimage in the later Roman Empire, AD 312-460. Oxford, 1982. Hillman BR205.H84.1982

 

Itinerarium Antonini Placentini. Edited by C. Milani. Milan, 1977. Hillman DS105.M54. [Holy Land as seen in 560-570.]

 

Le Liber pontificalis. Edited by L. Duchesne. 3 vols. Paris, 1886-92 (repr. 1955), 1957.

 

Mango, C.  The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453.  (Sources and Documents in the History of Art). Englewood Cliffs NJ, 1972. [Contains Procopius's and Paul the Silentiary's descriptions of Hagia Sofia in 6th c.].

 

Mansi, J.D. Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio. Florence and Venice, 1759-98. Repr. 1901. Standard record of church councils.

 

Paul the Silentiary's description of Hagia Sofia: see "Byzantine Architecture."

 

Procopius. Histories, Gothic Wars, The Buildings. Edited by H.B. Dewing (Loeb Classical Library). 7 vols. Cambridge MA, 1914-40.

 

Roman State and Christian Church:  A Collection of Legal Documents to A.D. 535. Edited by P.R. Coleman-Norton. 3 vols. London, 1966. Excellent for style and contents.