HA&A 1306; CRN 37665, with W-credit
SYLLABUS FOR
Architecture of the High Renaissance
SCOPE OF THE COURSE
From 1500 to about 1520 the city of Rome attracted great numbers of painters, sculptors and architects because of its wealth of ancient monuments and the generosity and ambition of its reigning Popes. Of all the arts, it was architecture that had the most success in changing the face of Rome in that quarter-century, and the High Renaissance movement in turn changed forever the face of architecture. This course will focus on the works or projects in Rome of four brilliant designers: Bramante, Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. It will then follow the mutation of High Renaissance ideals into Mannerism and the dispersion of both styles in northern Italy, particularly in town planning and in the villas and churches of Andrea Palladio around Venice. A concluding lecture will trace the impact of the High Renaissance on architecture today.
COURSE INFORMATION
Thecoursetext is Wolfgang Lotz, Architecture in Italy, 1500--1600 (Yale University Press, 1995). You should begin reading it immediately; we will follow though all the chapters except 5, 11, and 13, though not necessarily in the order of the text. The reserve desk holds a score of supplementary texts for the course, and many other relevant books are easily available from Frick, Hillman, and Carnegie libraries.
Officehours are in my office (balcony of Frick Library reading room), every Tuesday from 4 to 6 p.m.; we can arrange other times if you telephone me at 412.648-2419 or e.mail me at ftoker+@pitt.edu.
Grading will be based on four components: 10% for your "analytical assignment"--the analysis of an article on Italian High Renaissance Architecture; 40% for your building report (10% for the "pre-summary"; 20% for the paper; 10% for the rewrite), 20% for the midterm test, and 30% for the final examination. Both the midterm and the final will involve analytical skills as well as evidence of thought about the lectures. A strong performance on the final examination and the building report can improve weak grades on the mid-term. Please note that W (withdrawal) grades are assigned by the Dean's office alone, not by professors, and that I give G (incomplete) grades only for documented illness or accidents. I don't give "extra credit," because I find it unfair to the other students in the class, and I don't raise grades after the final examination for any reason other than mathematical error: the way to earn a good or brilliant grade in this course is to start working on it now. This course follows this Department's statement on academic integrity: "Plagiarizing is an act that violates the Student Conduct Code, and will not be tolerated in this class. Plagiarized assignments will result in a failing grade for that assignment." Note that in the world of the Internet, plagiarizing has gotten ever more easy: it is mandatory that the full URL address be given for every website you draw upon for your research.
Officehours: I would enjoy talking with you in my office (balcony of Frick Library reading room) any Tuesday from 4 to 6 p.m., or we can arrange other times if you reach me by telephone at 412.648-2419 or by e-mail: ftoker@pitt.edu; I will quickly respond to questions you leave for me there.
Class meetings:
Tuesday August 27: Scope of the course; legacy of the High Renaissance; historical and cultural background to the Renaissance in Italy.
Thursday Aug 29: The Early Renaissance: Florence and other regions
Tuesday Sep 3: Leonardo da Vinci as architectural and urban theorist
Thursday Sep 5: Bramante in Milan
Tuesday Sep 10: Papal Projects in Late-Quattrocento Rome
Thursday Sep 12: Pope Julius II and Preconditions for the High Renaissance
September 12 is deadline for selection of paper topics.
Tuesday Sep 17: Bramante's works for Pope Julius: the Belvedere Palace
Thursday Sep 19: Bramante's works for Pope Julius: St. Peter's
Your analytical assignment is due September 19th.
Tuesday Sep 24: St. Peter's: the subsequent history.
Thursday Sep 26: St. Peter's: the subsequent subsequent history.
Tuesday Oct 1: Raphael as architect: the early works.
Thursday Oct 3: Raphael's Palazzo Pandolfini and Villa Madama.
Your two-page research paper outline is due in class on October 3rd
Tuesday Oct 8: Evolution of the Renaissance architect: the Sangallos.
Thursday Oct 10: mid-term test
Tuesday Oct 15/ Thursday Oct 17: Michelangelo: the works in Florence.
Tuesday Oct 22/Thursday Oct 24: Michelangelo: the works in Rome.
Tuesday Oct 29: Mannerism: Bramante, Raphael, Baldassare Peruzzi, Giulio Romano.
Thursday Oct 31: Mannerism: the Roman/academic school
Tuesday Nov 5: Mannerism: the Tuscan/absolutist school
Thursday Nov 7: City planning in Rome, Venice, Sabbioneta
Your research paper due in class today
Tuesday Nov 12/ Thursday Nov 14: Renaissance in the Veneto: Sanmichele and Sansovino
Tuesday Nov 19: Palladio: his formation, theory and publications
Thursday Nov 21: Palladio: the public works.
Tuesday Nov 26: Palladio's villas and palaces.
Your rewritten research paper due in class today
[Thursday Nov 28: THANKSGIVING DAY; University not in session]
Tuesday Dec 3: The Renaissance exported: France, England, Germany, Spain
Thursday Dec 5: Achievement and limitations of the High Renaissance
FINAL EXAMINATION Monday December 9, 8:00--9:50 a.m., Frick 203:
(Put small stamped self-addressed envelope in my mailbox if you want term grade mailed to you. Exams and other course materials will be kept in Department office 104 Frick until Tuesday 14 January 2003, after which they go into temporary storage and will require a $25 nonrefundable fee for retrieval. Nothing is kept beyond the last day of Spring Term 2003.)
HIGH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE: MAJOR BUILDINGS, PROJECTS,
AND THEORETICAL WORKSCITED IN THE LECTURES
The following listing gives the main theme of each class meeting (often doubled up by week), and lists the main buildings or projects that will be discussed. These are the works that will form the basis of the midterm and final examination. The great majority are illustrated in Lotz, Architecture in Italy, 1500--1600, but you are responsible for a close and detailed knowledge of all the buildings listed below, whether in Lotz or not. Bracketed numbers below correspond to Lotz's illustration numbers.
Legacy of the High Renaissance; Early and High Renaissance Compared
Geography of High Renaissance Italy [see map on page 9]
Mangin and McComb, City Hall, New York, c. 1802-1812.
Giulio Romano, architect's house (Casa Pippi), Mantua, c. 1544 [121]
Michelozzo di Bartolommeo, Palazzo Medici[-Ricardi], Florence, 1440s-60s.
Baldassare Peruzzi, Villa Farnesina, Rome, 1509 [58--61]
Harrison and Abramovitz, Lincoln Center, New York, 1962-66.
Michelangelo, Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, 1538ff [137--140].
Charles Barry, Reform Club, London, 1838-40.
A. da Sangallo jr. [+ Michelangelo], Palazzo Farnese, Rome, 1530ff, 1546-7 [76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 142].
Raphael, Palazzo Pandolfini, Florence, 1518ff [54].
The Early Renaissance in Florence:
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446): cupola of S. Maria del Fiore cathedral, Florence, 1420-36.
Brunelleschi, Foundling Hospital [Ospedale degli Innocenti], Florence, 1419ff
Florence: S. Miniato al Monte, Romanesque, 11-12th c.
Florence: Baptistery of St. John [S. Giovanni Battista], 11-12th c.
Brunelleschi, S. Spirito, Florence, 1436-1470s.
Rome: Temple or pavilion called Minerva Medica, c. 320 AD.
Brunelleschi, S. Maria degli Angeli, Florence, 1434-37ff.
Michelozzo di Bartolommeo (1396-1472): SS Annunziata, Florence, 1444-55; completed by Alberti 1470-73 .
Florence: Palazzo Davanzati, Gothic, 14th c.
Michelozzo, Palazzo Medici[-Ricardi], Florence, 1444ff.
Leonbattista Alberti (1404-1472): Palazzo Ruccellai, 1440s or 1450s-1460, Florence.
Giuliano da Sangallo, Madonna degli Carceri, Prato, 1485.
The Early Renaissance in the Provinces:
Giuliano da Maiano, Porta Capuana, Naples, 1485.
Giuliano da Sangallo, Palace for King of Naples (unexecuted), c. 1488.
Giovanni Amadeo, Colleoni chapel in Cathedral, Bergamo, 1470-3.
Venice: Ca d'Oro, 1430s-40s.
Mauro Codussi [+ Antonio Gamballa?], S. Zaccaria, Venice, facade late 15th c.
Pietro Lombardo, S. Maria dei Miracoli, Venice, 1481-9.
Alberti, S Francesco [Tempio Malatestiano], Rimini, 1450 project.
Alberti, S. Sebastiano, Mantua, 1460ff.
Alberti, S. Andrea, Mantua, 1470ff.
Leonardo da Vinci as architectural and urban theorist:
Leonardo in Milan, 1482-99: architectural studies.
Leonardo, Adoration of the Magi, Florence, 1481-82.
Leonardo, Last Supper, Milan, S.M. delle Grazie, 1495-7.
Works for Borgias, c. 1501; for French c. 1506; in Rome 1513-16; in France 1516-1519.
Donato Bramante in Milan:
Donato Bramante (Urbino 1444--Rome 1514)
Filarete, Trattato di Architettura, Milan, 1461-62.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Urbino: Palazzo Ducale, 1450s; Luciano Laurana, 1464ff; Francesco di Giorgio, 1470s.
Francesco di Giorgio Martini, S. Bernardino, Urbino, 1482-90.
Piero della Francesca, Flagellation, 1450s; Brera Altarpiece, 1470s, both for Urbino.
Michelozzo, Medici bank, Milan, 1462.
Filarete, Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, 1456-65.
Milan Cathedral, Gothic facade of the 16th-17th c.; dome-tower competition 1487-90 [Bramante, Francesco di Giorgio, Leonardo].
Milan: S. Lorenzo [Early Christian], prob. 5th c. AD.
Bramante, S. Maria presso S. Satiro, Milan, 1478ff and 1482ff.
Bramante, S. Maria delle Grazie, 1492.
Pavia: Cathedral c. 1488; Cristoforo Rocchi (?) (and Bramante?)
Bramante, cloisters of S. Ambrogio, Milan, 1492-97.
Papal Projects in Late-Quattrocento Rome:
Rome: view of the Forum Romanum as cowfield by M. van Heemskerck, 1535.
Rome: Pantheon, c. 110-120 AD.
Rome: Tomb of Hadrian [Castel S. Angelo], c. 135.
Pope Nicholas V (1447-55): Alberti project for the Borgo; Rossellino project for new St. Peter's c. 1452; Tower and Papal apartments in the Vatican.
Pope Pius II Piccolomini (1458-64): Benediction loggia at St. Peter's; Alberti-Rossellino rebuilding of Pienza.
Pope Paul II Barbo (1464-71): advanced Rossellino choir of St. Peter's under Giuliano da Sangallo, 1470; completes Palazzo Venezia of 1455.
Pope Sixtus IV della Rovere (1471-84): four major streets, a bridge, new power to the magistri de strada for renovation; Sistine Chapel; S. Maria del Popolo; S. Maria della Pace.
Pope Innocent VIII (1484-92): Creates the Villa Belvedere of Pollaiuolo.
Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503): Borgia apartments in Vatican.
Pope Julius II and Preconditions for the High Renaissance:
Pope Julius II della Rovere (1503-1513): Belvedere palace; new St. Peter's; via Giulia.
Giuliano da Sangallo (1443-1516), Cod. lat. Barb. 4424 notebooks, 1465ff; Escorial notebooks, 1490s
Giuliano da Sangallo, projected loggia for pope's tuba players, 1505 [4]
Michelangelo, David, Florence, 1501-04.
Michelangelo, Ceiling frescoes, Sistine Chapel, 1508-12.
Raphael, Vatican Stanze frescoes, 1510-14
Bramante in Rome: the formative works
Donato Bramante, Tempietto at S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502? 1508? [figures 1 and 2]
Tivoli [nr. Rome], Italy: Temple of Vesta, Roman, 27 BC ff.
Rome: Cancelleria palace [Francesco di Giorgio? Baccio Pontelli?], 1485ff.
Bramante, cloister of S. Maria della Pace, Rome, c. 1500 [3]
Bramante, choir of S. Maria del Popolo, c. 1508 [22]
Rome: S. Eligio degli Orefici [Bramante? Raphael?]. 1509
Bramante [?], coastal fortress of Civitavecchia.
Bramante [attributed to], nymphaeum at Genazzone.
Bramante, Palazzo Caprini [house of Raphael], Rome, 1501-10 [23]
Bramante's works for Pope Julius: the Belvedere Palace
Reconstruction and views of Bramante's project, 1505ff [5--14; 21]
Bramante, Cortile di San Damaso (Raphael's Logge), Vatican [15]
Michelangelo, project for the tomb of Julius II, 1503ff.
Bramante, Palazzo dei Tribunali (Palace of Justice), c. 1509.
Bramante's works for Pope Julius: St. Peter's
Rome: Old St. Peter's, c. 320 AD.
Giuliano da Sangallo, project for New St. Peter's.
Caradosso medal of new St. Peter's, 1506 [17]
Bramante, S. Biagio alla Pagnotta.
Bramante, project for new St. Peter's: Uffizi architectural drawing 1A, 1506 [18]
Bramante, project for new St. Peter's, 1514; Sir John Soane's museum, London [19]
Bramante, project for new St. Peter's: Serlio's reconstruction of the dome [20]
Cola da Caprarola & others: Madonna or S. Maria della Consolazione, Todi, 1508ff [48--50]
A. da Sangallo Sr., Madonna di S. Biagio, Montepulciano, 1518ff [color frontispiece; 51--53]
St. Peter's: the subsequent history
St. Peter's projects, 1506--1546 [16]
Pope Leo X Medici (1513-21):
Giuliano da Sangallo/ Giovanni Giocondo/ Raphael triumvirate.
Raphael: superintendant of St. Peter's after 1514: project now in Washington [27, 28]
Baldassare Peruzzi (1481-1536, appointed co-superintendant with Ant. Sangallo 1520 by Leo X). The c. 1520 project (known from bird's-eye perspective) wraps ambulatories around Bramante cross [25, 26]
Antonio da Sangallo jr. (1483-1546, began at St. Peter's 1510; superintendent 1520--1546): project c. 1539ff [28, 31, 72, 73]
Pope Clement VIII Medici (1523-34), primarily relies on Peruzzi plan.
[Sack of Rome 1527].
Major documents: views by Fleming Marten van Heemskerck, 1534-37 [71]
Pope Paul III Farnese (1534-49): 1534 re-establishes Peruzzi as chief architect until his death in 1536; thereupon Ant. Sangallo jr. chief architect until his death in 1546. Sangallo large model 1539-43 retains Peruzzi ambulatories, adds elaborate nave and facade.
(Thwarted appointments of Giulio Romano, who dies, and Jacopo Sansovino, who refuses to come.)
Raphael as architect: the early works
Rafaello Sanzio (Urbino 1483- Rome 1520), Marriage of the Virgin, Milan, 1503.
Raphael in 1514: completes Stanza d'Eliodoro; appointed architect to St. Peter's.
Baldassare Peruzzi, Villa Farnesina [=Chigi villa], Rome, 1509-11 [58--61]
Peruzzi, Chigi stables project, Rome, 1512.
Raphael, Chigi chapel at S. Maria del Popolo, c. 1513 [32--34]
Raphael (?): palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila, c. 1515 [36]
Raphael (?): palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli, c. 1524 [37]
Girolamo da Carpi, Palazzo Spada, Rome 1550-56 kindred to Palazzo Branconio.
Raphael's Palazzo Pandolfini and Villa Madama
Rome: Nero's Domus Aurea ["Golden House"], c. 64 AD.
Raphael, Villa Madama c. 1518, Rome [continued to 1527 by Ant. Sangallo jr]: [38--42]
Raphael et al., Palazzo Pandolfini, Florence, 1518ff [54]
Evolution of the Renaissance architect: the Sangallos
Giuliano da Sangallo: Poggio a Caiano and S. Maria Madellena dei Pazzi in late-15th c. Florence.
Antonio da Sangallo Sr., Madonna di S. Biagio a Montepulciano, 1518: see above
Antonio da Sangallo Jr., Palazzo Farnese, Rome, vestibule 1517; ground floor 1525-30; redesigned 1541; reworked by Michelangelo 1546 [76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 142]
Ant. Sangallo jr., Mint [Zecca] of Rome, c.1530 [69]
Michelangelo: the works in Florence
Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564) a late-comer to architecture: Vatican Pieta of 1498-1500; David of 1501-04; Tomb of Julius 1506-1516ff-1526; Sistine Ceiling 1508-12.
Competition for the facade of S. Lorenzo, Florence, 1516: Raphael; Jacopo Sansovino; Giuliano da Sangallo [55]; Baccio d'Agnolo.
Michelangelo: S. Lorenzo facade, 1516-20 [128]
Michelangelo: Medici chapel [=öNew Sacristyö], 1520-34 [129--132]
Michelangelo: Laurenziana library, 1523-34 (opened 1571; clay model of steps 1558, executed by Ammannati 1559) [133--136]
Michelangelo: Fortifications of Florence, 1528-29.
Bartolomeo Ammannati, Ponte Sta. Trinita, Florence, 1567ff.
Michelangelo: the works in Rome
Michelangelo (1475-1564) appointed chief architect in 1546 at age 72, in charge until his death in 1564. Michelangelo supervises the north and south transepts and cupola drum; abandons ambulatories and nave. Designs the dome c. 1558-61 [74, 75, 143, 144, 147, 148]
Pirro Ligorio successor 1565; Giacomo Vignola successor 1566 to death in 1573.
Giacomo della Porta successor in 1573 until death in 1602: he executes the dome 1588-91.
Pope Sixtus V (1585-90) adds Domenico Fontana as second architect. Pope Paul V Borghese (1605-21) appoints Carlo Maderno chief architect, elongates nave 1607 to length of Constantinian church. Gianlorenzo Bernini succeeded Maderno in 1629, adds Baroque aspect.
Piazza del Campidoglio, begun c. 1539; final scheme 1561; Duperac engraving 1569 [137--140]
Completion of Palazzo Farnese, 1546-50 [see under Ant. Sangallo jr., above]
Gesù project c. 1554 (Vignola began current church 1568).
S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini project, 1559.
Sforza chapel in S. Maria Maggiore, 1560-73.
Porta Pia for Pope Pius IV (reigned 1559-65), 1561 [155]
S. Maria degli Angeli (rebuilt Baths of Diocletian] for Pius IV, 1561 [156]
Mannerism: Bramante, Raphael, Baldassare Peruzzi, Giulio Romano
Mannerist tendencies in Bramante and Raphael
Baldassare Peruzzi (Siena 1481-Rome 1536), Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne, Rome, 1532-35 [64--67]
Giulio Romano (Rome, 1499?-Mantua 1546), Palazzo Maccarani, Rome, c. 1520 [110]
Giulio Romano, Palazzo del Te, Mantua, 1525--c 1534 [111--117]
Giulio Romano, architect's house (Casa Pippi), Mantua, c. 1540 [121]
Mannerism: the Roman/academic school
Pirro Ligorio (Naples c. 1510--Ferrara 1583), Casino di Pio IV, Vatican gardens, 1559ff.
Ligorio, Villa d'Este at Tivoli, 1565-1572 [163, 164]
Vignola (Giacomo Barozzi; 1507-73), Treatise on the Five Orders, 1562.
Vignola, Villa Giulia, Rome, begun 1551 [167--170]
Vignola, Palazzo Farnese at Caprarola, begun 1559 [171-173]
Vignola and Giacomo della Porta, Il Gesù, Rome, 1568ff [178--179, 180, 181]
Mannerism: the Tuscan/absolutist school
Giorgio Vasari (1511-74), Lives of the Artists, 1550 and 1568.
Giorgio Vasari, Palazzo degli Uffizi, Florence, 1560ff [267--269]
Bartolomeo Ammannati (1511-92), Palazzo Pitti, Florence, 1560ff [264, 265]
Ammannati, Ponte Sta. Trinita, Florence, 1558--1570 [266]
Bernardo Buontalenti (1531-1608), Uffizi continuation, 1574ff [271]
Buontalenti, steps from S. Trinita, now S. Stafano al Ponte, Florence, 1574 [272]
City-planning in Rome, Venice, Sabbioneta
New streets in Rome in 16th c. [43]
Michelangelo's Campidoglio, 1539ff (see above}
Jacopo Sansovino, redesign of pza S. Marco, Venice, 1530s (see above)
Domenico Fontana, street scheme for Sixtus V, Rome, c. 1585.
Vincenzo Scamozzi, Sabbioneta plan, c. 1560ff.
Plan of Palmanova, 1580s.
Renaissance in the Veneto: Sanmichele and Sansovino
Michele Sanmichele (1484-1559), capomaestro of Orvieto cathedral, 1509.
Sanmichele, Porta Nuova (1533-40) and Porta Palio, c. 1555, Verona [95--98]
Sanmichele, Palazzo Bevilacqua, c. 1530, Verona [99]
Sanmichele, Palazzo Lavezola-Pompei, c. 1555, Verona.
Sanmichele, Palazzo Grimani, Venice, 1556ff [103, 104]
Jacopo Sansovino (1486-1570), protomaestro of S. Marco, Venice, 1529 to 1570: changes in Piazza S. Marco in 16th c: [122]
Sansovino, Libreria, pza. S. Marco, begun 1537 [123]
Sansovino, Zecca, Venice, 1536ff [125]
Sansovino, Pal. Corner della Cà Grande, Venice, 1540s [126, 127]
Palladio: his formation, theory and publications
Andrea di Pietro (Palladio): 1508-80.
Antichita di Roma, 1554; illustrations to Daniele Barbaro's Vitruvius, 1556;
Quattro Libri di Architettura, 1570.
Palladio: the public works
Palladio, Basilica Palladiana, Vicenza, 1549ff [244, 245]
San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice, 1566ff [238, 239]
Il Redentore, Venice, 1577 [241, 242]
Teatro Olimpico [completed by Vincenzo Scamozzi], Vicenza, 1579-85 [259]
Loggia del Capitanato, Vicenza, 1571ff [246]
Palladio's villas and palaces
Palazzo Thiene, Vicenza, c. 1542 [247, 248]
Palazzo Valmarana, Vicenza, 1565ff [249]
Villa at Pojana Maggiore, c. 1549ff [251]
Villa Barbaro at Maser, c. 1549 [250]
Villa Capra (La Rotonda), Vicenza, c. 1566-70 [252. 253]
The Renaissance exported: France, England, Germany, Spain
Chateau de Chambord, Domenico da Cortona (and Leonardo?), c. 1515.
G. le Breton, P. Primaticcio Palais de Fontainebleau, Renaissance wing 1528, c. 1535ff.
P. Machuca, Royal Palace in the Alhambra, Granada, Spain, 1527.
J. de Herrera, Escorial palace, near Madrid, 1563.
Inigo Jones, Queen's House, Greenwhih; Royal Banqueting Hall, London.
ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETIC ASSIGNMENTS FOR THIS COURSE
This being a W-course, special attention will be paid to reading and writing. You have an Analytical assignment due September 19. In about five doublespaced pages, analyze one of the articles listed below in Wolfgang Lotz, Studies in Italian Renaissance Architecture, on reserve. I have chosen these articles to put you in touch with theoretical and research issues related to this course, and also to show you how a master scholar in the field worked.
--"The Rendering of the Interior. . ."
--"Centralized Church."
--"Sixteenth-Century Italian Squares"
--"Vigevano"
--"Italian Architecture in the Later 16th Century."
--"Three Essays on Palladio"
alternately, report on Colin Rowe, "Mathematics of the Ideal Villa," in the book of the same title.
You may also select an essay or article NOT on the above list. In that case, please e.mail me and wait until I confirm that selection.
Synthetic assignment: the term paper.
As an upper-level course, HA&A 1306 has as one of its requirements a term paper embodying original research. These papers should be chosen by course members themselves and worked out so that the writing process itself becomes an enriching experience. From the point of view of the instructor, a "good" paper is one that contains new information or in some way creates a new perspective on the High Renaissance in architecture. To aid students in selecting topics quickly and in moving efficiently into research, the standard term paper assignment is divided in this course into two parts, a short bibliography assignment, and the later term paper. The term-paper schedule follows:
You will start by creating or selecting a topic that interest you; please e.mail it to me and wait for my confirmation that I am reserving this topic for you. Deadline for selection of topics is September 12.
On October 3 you will turn in a two-page outline of your paper: neither more nor less. One page will be the relevant bibliography (including websites etc.) on the building and its architect (if known). The other page will be a "statement of the problem" that you intend to solve with your final paper. This is NOT to mean "what I hope to do when I get around to writing the paper": you shall have thought through the paper thorougly by September 26: all that remains is to collect the final data and do the writing. Think of this one page as a 250-word entry in an encyclopedia. I will grade this two-page outline independently of the final paper. The final paper is due on November 7.
Both the short and long papers should carry titles indicative of a specific point of view, and the papers themselves must take a point of view (e.g. a paper on Palladio's villas should not simply be titled such, but rather "Palladio's Villas: The Architect as Problem-Solver" or "Patron and Place: A Study of the Identity of Palladio's Villas." Any of Wolfgang Lotz's essays can be taken as a good model.
The paper must be a print-out of about ten pages, double-spaced; it must have a copy, which will be retained; illustrations of major works; footnotes or endnotes; and bibliography. Late papers will be penalized 10% for each week of lateness, and none will be accepted beyond the class in which I return the corrected papers.
I hope to hand back your corrected papers on November 14. You then need to rewrite them and hand them in again (no copy needed) on November 26. The new grade will reflect changes to the original paper.
A number of suggested topics follow: students are most warmly invited to create their own topics in preference to these or modifying those below, so long as they treat or in some way throw light on the architecture of the 16th century in Europe.
Bramante's understanding and use of the architecture of Brunelleschi.
Renaissance patrons as amateur architects.
Renaissance engineering.
Vignola's Treatise on Architecture.
Serlio's Treatise on Architecture.
Form, precedent and intent in Palladio's Four Books on Architecture.
The special vision of Galeazzo Alessi.
Renaissance architects as archaeologists.
Renaissance city houses other than palaces.
Bramante as city planner.
Renaissance destruction of Antiquity. What? Why?
Cancelleria palace in Rome.
Raphael's Roman palaces.
Vignola's Portici dei Banchi in Bologna.
Development of Renaissance capitals after Bramante.
Reception of the Renaissance in Germany.
Reception of the Renaissance in France.
Inigo Jones and the reception of the Renaissance in England.
The Renaissance building industry.
Theory and use of Renaissance architectural drawings.
Monastic architecture in the 16th century.
Sculpture in the architecture of Michelangelo.
Vasari's conception of Renaissance architecture.
Palladio's villa system.
Michelangelo's St. Peter's.
Critical approaches to the Renaissance in Ruskin and Geoffrey Scott.
Use of architectural models in the Renaissance.
Baldassare Peruzzi.
Vignola's Palazzo Farnese at Caprarola.
Attributes of High Renaissance architecture in painting and sculpture.
Parallels among the architecture, painting and sculpture of Mannerism.
Mathematics and geometry in Renaissance design.
The Renaissance palace in 16th-century Venice.
Renaissance Genoa.
Raphael's Palazzo Pandolfini and other palaces of 16th-century Florence.
READING RESOURCES ON ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
The internet has changed everything in bibliography: it would be useless to crank out a great list of books and articles when PITTCAT and the Web resources can do so in a customized manner. Also, with Deborah Howard's revision of the Lotz text, we have a book that is only seven years old--pretty up-to-date for a humanities text!
So the first place to look for research on High Renaissance Architecture is at the back of Lotz's book, pp. 191--200 for both the original Lotz bibliography AND Deborah Howard's additions. Also, as necessary, look through Lotz's notes, pp. 172--190, for more specialized studies that he cited there.
The Reserve List for the course is, by consequence, short:
Ackerman, J. The Architecture of Michelangelo
Ackerman,J. Palladio.
Ackerman,J. The Villas of Andrea Palladio
Argan, G.C. The Renaissance City
Blunt, A. Artistic Theory in Italy 1450-1600.
Bruschi, A. Bramante (English edition).
Burckhardt, J.The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
Benevolo, L. The Architecture of the Renaissance.
Hartt, F. History of Italian Renaissance Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
Hersey, G. Pythagorean Palaces
Heydenreich, L. and W. Lotz Architecture in Italy, 1400-1600 (note: this is the large book from which our class text derives: important for works of the Early Italian Renaissance that we will also discuss)
Heydenreich, L. Architecture in Italy, 1400-1500 (this is the parallel book for the Early Italian Renaissance)
Klein, R. Italian Art l500-l600, Sources and Documents
Lotz, W. Architecture in Italy, 1500--1600
Lotz, W. Studies in Italian Renaissance Architecture
Lowry, B. Renaissance Architecture
Murray, P. The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance
Murray, P. Renaissance Architecture
Rowe, C. Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays
Shearman, J. Mannerism
Wittkower, R. Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism