HAA 0050

INTRODUCTION TO MEDIEVAL ART AND ARCHITECTURE

SECTION 1B

Saints and Relics

This unit describes the role and nature of saints and relics during the Middle Ages.  You will be expected to know  the vocabulary terms indicated, and to know the attributes of the Evangelists and of Saint Peter.

Saint: a pure or holy person.  In the early Middle Ages, saints were recognized after their death by popular acclaim for having performed miracles; by the high Middle Ages the recognition of miracles had come to be surrounded by a formal canonization process, like a legal trial.  Saints were thought to be able to intercede for a particular individual or group with Christ: Thus, most regions, churches and occupations had a particular "patron saint." Some saints were identified with particular situations: thus, for example, St Margaret was invoked during childbirth, St Christopher to ensure a safe journey, St Roch against the plague. Most saints had a particular "saints day" on which he or she was particularly venerated. Saints continue to be venerated up to the present day- for example the patron saint of computers is St. Isodore of Seville.

Attribute: Symbol which identifies a saint. For example, St Peter is represented carrying keys; St Apollonia holds pincers and a tooth, as patron of dentists and people with toothache; St Gertrude is surrounded by rats and mice, against whom she is invoked.
 
 

Images of Saints

Coronation of St Peter as Pope

Madame Marie's Picture-Book
Paris, BNF n.a.fr. 16251
f. 60

St Apollonia

Attribute: tooth
Former Astor Collection

 

St Gertrude of Nivelles

Pittsburgh, Carnegie Museum of Art
64.11.6



More Saints

Evangelists: The four Evangelists (authors of the New Testament Gospels) are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. (In art, each one is often represented by a specific symbol based on the vision of Ezekiel--Old Testament, Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, chapter 1--and the Revelations, Apocalypse, of Saint John--New Testament, Book of Revelations, chapter 4.)

Saint Matthew: man/angel
Saint Mark: winged lion
Saint Luke: winged ox
Saint John: eagle.

In Early Medieval art these attributions fluctuate: see Lexikon der christlichen Ikonographie, entry 'Evangelist.'
 

Evangelist Symbols

Italy :Ravenna
Church of St. Vitale
Mosaic of Saint Matthew
and Saint John

Italy: Ravenna
Church of St. Vitale

Mosaic of Saint Luke
and Saint Mark


 

The Moutiers-Grandval Bible: London, BL Add. 10546

France: Chartres Cathedral
West Facade, Central Portal


 
 

Relic: an object of veneration, usually the body of a saint, or a portion of the body, or an object associated with a saint, such as the veil of the Virgin, a piece of the Holy Cross, the Crown of Thorns, etc. During the medieval period, the cult of relics was of great importance, as churches collected relics and built special containers and shrines for them; and pilgrims traveled long distances to venerate them and to expect cures or other indications of recognition through the intercession of the saints.

Text on collection of a relic [optional]

Text on miracles caused by  relics [optional]
 

Reliquary: a container for a relic. It sometimes was made in the shape of the relic to be enclosed. It may be made of wood and then covered with precious metals and decorated with jewels or enamels.
 
 

Reliquaries

      Sainte-Foi reliquary 
Conques- France 
 


Detail of Sainte-Foi reliquary

London, British Museum,
St Eustace

 

Arm reliquary of the Apostles,
front and back

Cleveland Museum of Art, CMA 30.739

 

Saint-Taurin of Evreux, made in 1247